Friday, December 19, 2008

Pixel Dimension


PIXEL DIMENSIONS are the horizontal and vertical measurements of an image expressed in pixels. The pixel dimensions may be determined by multiplying both the width and the height by the dpi. A digital camera will also have pixel dimensions, expressed as the number of pixels horizontally and vertically that define its resolution (e.g., 2,048 by 3,072). Calculate the dpi achieved by dividing a document's dimension into the corresponding pixel dimension against which it is aligned.

Example:


An 8" x 10" document that is scanned at 300 dpi has the
pixel dimensions of 2,400 pixels (8" x 300 dpi) by 3,000 pixels (10" x 300 dpi).


Thursday, December 18, 2008

Resolution


RESOLUTION is the ability to distinguish fine spatial detail. The spatial frequency at which a digital image is sampled (the sampling frequency) is often a good indicator of resolution. This is why dots-per-inch (dpi) or pixels-per-inch (ppi) are common and synonymous terms used to express resolution for digital images. Generally, but within limits, increasing the sampling frequency also helps to increase resolution.


Pixels: Individual pixels can be seen by zooming in an image

Meaning of digital images


DIGITAL IMAGES are electronic snapshots taken of a scene or scanned from documents, such as photographs, manuscripts, printed texts, and artwork. The digital image is sampled and mapped as a grid of dots or picture elements (pixels). Each pixel is assigned a tonal value (black, white, shades of gray or color), which is represented in binary code (zeros and ones). The binary digits ("bits") for each pixel are stored in a sequence by a computer and often reduced to a mathematical representation (compressed). The bits are then interpreted and read by the computer to produce an analog version for display or printing.


Pixel Values: As shown in this bitonal image, each pixel is assigned a tonal value, in this example 0 for black and 1 for white.

Digital Imaging

Digital imaging or digital image acquisition is the creation of digital images, typically from a physical object. The term is often assumed to imply or include the processing, compression, storage, printing, and display of such images.

A digital image may be created directly from a physical scene by a camera or similar devices. Alternatively, it may be obtained from another image in an analog medium, such as photographs, photographic film, or printed paper, by a scanner or similar device. Many technical images—such as those acquired with tomographic equipment, side-looking radar, or radio telescopes—are actually obtained by complex processing of non-image data. Finally, a digital image can also be computed from a geometric model or mathematical formula (however, in this case the name image synthesis is more appropriate).

Digital image authentication is an emerging issue[citation needed] for the providers and producers of high resolution digital images such as health care organizations, law enforcement agencies and insurance companies. There are methods emerging to analyze a digital image and determine if it has been altered or not.

Wednesday, December 17, 2008

The Evolution of the Photoshop Splash Screen

Display .07 (Photoshop precursor)


Photoshop .87 Splash Screen
(Barneyscan XP)


Photoshop .87 Alt Screen


Photoshop 1.07 Retail Release Splash Screen. Version 1.0 ship date: February 1990.


Photoshop 1.07 Alt Screen


Photoshop 2.0.1 Retail Release Splash Screen. Version 2.0 ship date: June 1991, 2.01 release: December 1991.


Photoshop 2.0.1 Alt Screen


Photoshop 2.5 Retail Release Splash Screen. Version 2.5 ship date: February 1993, version 1.5.1 update: July 1993.


Photoshop 2.5 Alt Screen


Photoshop 3.0 Retail Release Splash Screen. Version 3.0 ship date: September 1994, 3.05 update released June 1995.


Photoshop 3.0 Alt Screen by Mark Hamburg


Photoshop 4.0 Retail Release Splash Screen. Version 4.0 ship date: November 1996, 4.01 update released April 1997.


Photoshop 4.0 Alt Screen by Joseph Kelter


Photoshop 5.0 Retail Release Splash Screen. Version 5.0 ship date: May 1998, 5.01 update released June 1998.


Photoshop 5.0 Alt Screen by Jeff Schewe


Photoshop 5.5 Retail Release Splash Screen. Version 5.5 ship date: July 1999.


Photoshop 5.5 Alt Screen by Jeff Schewe


Photoshop 6.0 Retail Release Splash Screen. Version 6.0 ship date: October 2000, 6.01 update released February 2001.


Photoshop 6.0 Alt Screen by Mike ‘The Cigarette Smoking Man’ Shaw


Photoshop 7.0 Retail Release Splash Screen. Version 7.0 ship date: April 2002, update 7.01 released July 2002.


Photoshop 7.0 Alt Screen Mike ‘Tabletmeister’ Shaw


Photoshop CS (8.0) Retail Release Splash Screen. Version CS (8) ship date: October 2003.


Photoshop CS (8.0) Alt Screen by Jeff Tranberry


Photoshop CS2 (9.0) Retail Release Splash Screen. Version CS2 (9) ship date: late April 2005 (was supposed to be May, but Photoshop CS2 shipped to users early).


Photoshop CS2 (9.0) Alt Screen by Chris Smith.

Tuesday, December 16, 2008

The Evolution of the Photoshop Tool Bar

Photoshop Tool Bars



This all toolbar from photoshop a generation before.

Before we learn and know about photoshop, is good to us to know
about the photoshop toolbar from generation to generation of photoshop


right click and then choose "view image" to view large size of the picture



Photoshop Founder

Thomas & John Knoll

Thomas Knoll is pictured on the left, on the right is John Knoll.

In the fall of 1987, Thomas Knoll, a doctoral candidate in computer vision, was trying to write–as a diversion from his doctoral–computer code to display grayscale images on a black-white bitmap monitor. Because it wasn’t directly related to his thesis on computer vision, Knoll thought it had limited value at best. The code was called Display. Knoll wrote it on his Mac Plus computer at home. Little did he know that this initial code would be the very beginning of the phenomenon that would be known as Photoshop.

The Display splash screen.

Thomas’ program caught the attention of his brother, John, who worked at Industrial Light and Magic (ILM) in Marin County, California. ILM was the visual effects arm of Lucasfilm, the famous motion picture company founded by George Lucas. With the release of Star Wars, Lucas had proved that really cool special effects, combined with heroic characters and a “shoot-em up script,” could produce a blockbuster motion picture. To that end, John was experimenting with computers to create special effects. He asked his brother Thomas to help him program a computer to process digital image files, and Display was a great starting point. So began their collaboration.

John arranged to purchase a new Macintosh II, the first color-capable model, through his father, a professor at the University of Michigan. Before it was shipped to his brother, Thomas got hold of it and rewrote the code for Display to work in color. In the ensuing months, Thomas and John worked on expanding Display’s capability. At John’s urging, Thomas added the ability to read and write various file formats, while John developed image processing routines that would later become filter plug-ins. Thomas developed the unique capability to create soft-edged selections that would allow local changes. He also developed such features as Levels for adjusting tonality; Color Balance, Hue, and Saturation for adjusting color, and painting capabilities.

In the summer of 1988, John thought they might have the basis of a commercially viable product. Thomas was reluctant: “Do you have any idea how much work it is to write a commercial application?” he asked John. But with his naive optimism, John convinced Thomas it would be worth the effort. “I’ll figure out how to make money with this,” he told his brother. Well, John was right, but so was Thomas. It did take a lot of work.

Thomas changed the name of their software several times. Each time he found one he liked, it had already been taken. ImagePro, and even PhotoHut were considered. Then, during a program demo, he confided to someone that he was having problems naming the program. The confidant suggested PhotoShop, and that became the program’s working name. To this day, neither Thomas nor John know for sure who first said the name “PhotoShop”. Note: in it’s first iteration, the ‘S’ of shop was capitalized. Later the inter cap was removed.

John started shopping around for a company to invest in Photoshop. Thomas remained in Ann Arbor, Michigan, fine-tuning the program, while John traveled all over Silicon Valley giving program demos including a company named Adobe Systems, Inc. John kept pushing his brother to add new features. John even wrote a simple manual to make the program more understandable.

Finally he succeeded in attracting the attention of somebody–a scanner manufacturer. Barneyscan decided that the program would be of use to people who owned their scanners. A short-term deal was worked out, and the first public iteration of the software was introduced as Barneyscan XP. About 200 copies of the program, now in Version 0.87, were shipped with Barneyscan scanners.

Around this time, John demonstrated the program to engineers at Apple computer. It was a huge hit. They asked John to leave a couple of copies. There followed the first incident of Photoshop pirating. Seems that the Apple engineers shared the program with some friends, a lot of friends!

Subsequently, John returned to Adobe for another demonstration. Russell Brown, Adobe’s primary art director, was blown away by the program. He had just signed an NDA disclosure agreement with Letraset, to view their new image-editing program, ColorStudio. He was convinced that Photoshop was better.

Timing is everything. With a great deal of enthusiasm, Adobe decided to buy the license to distribute Photoshop. It was September 1988 and the Knoll brothers and Fred Mitchell, head of Adobe Acquisitions, made the deal with a handshake. It would be April before the final legal agreements were worked out.

The key phrase in that deal was “license to distribute.” Adobe didn’t completely buy-out the program until years after Photoshop had become a huge success. It was a smart move on the Knolls’ part to work out a royalty agreement based upon distribution. After the legal agreements were signed, Thomas and John started developing a shipping version. Adobe decided to keep the working name “Photoshop”, but not until an exhaustive attempt to find a better name provided nothing better.

Thomas wrote all the code for the application in Ann Arbor, while John developed and wrote plug-ins in California. Some of the Adobe people thought John’s features were gimmicky and didn’t belong in a serious application. They viewed the product as a tool for retouching, not special effects, so John had to find a way to “sneak” them into the program. Those plug-ins have become one of the most powerful aspects of Photoshop.

Between April 1989 and the official release of the program in early 1990, development continued, with no official beta testers. At Adobe, Russell Brown and others worked with the program and made suggestions. Thomas would write and then rewrite the code, while John, Russell, and Fred pushed him to add features. John was particularly good at coaxing Thomas to make improvements.

Finally, in February 1990, Photoshop 1.0 shipped. The rest of course, is Photoshop history. . .

The original Photoshop 1.0 box.

Photoshop 1.0 Disk.

The Photoshop 1 splash screen.

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